Arginine/Glutamine comme booster de collagène anti-blessure

[Nutrimuscle-Conseils]

The Effect of Amino Acids on Wound Healing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Arginine and Glutamine
by Elena Arribas-López Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2498;

Under stress conditions, the metabolic demand for nutrients increases, which, if not met, may slow down or indeed stop the wound from healing, thus, becoming chronic wounds. This study aims to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of arginine and glutamine supplementation on wound healing. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed for the systematic review and ten electronic databases were used. Five and 39 human studies met the inclusion criteria for arginine and glutamine, respectively.

The overall meta-analysis demonstrated a significant effect of arginine supplementation on hydroxyproline content (MD: 4.49, 95% CI: 3.54, 4.45, p < 0.00001). Regarding glutamine supplementation, there was significant effect on nitrogen balance levels (MD: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.58, p < 0.0001), IL-6 levels (MD: −5.78, 95% CI: −8.71, −2.86, p = 0.0001), TNFα levels (MD: −8.15, 95% CI: −9.34, −6.96, p < 0.00001), lactulose/mannitol (L/M) ratio (MD: −0.01, 95% CI: −0.02, −0.01, p < 0.00001), patient mortality (OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.72, p = 0.0004), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (MD: −1.10, 95% CI: −1.26, −0.93, p < 0.00001) and length of hospital stay (LOS) (MD: −2.65, 95% CI: −3.10, −2.21, p < 0.00001). Regarding T-cell lymphocytes, a slight decrease was observed, although it failed to reach significance (MD: −0.16, 95% CI: −0.33, 0.01, p = 0.07).

Conclusion: The wound healing might be enhanced in one or at various stages by nutritional supplementation in the right dose.

[Nutrimuscle-Diététique]

Traduction de l'étude

L'effet des acides aminés sur la cicatrisation des plaies : examen systématique et méta-analyse sur l'arginine et la glutamine
par Elena Arribas-López Nutriments 2021, 13(8), 2498 ;

Dans des conditions de stress, la demande métabolique en nutriments augmente, ce qui, si elle n'est pas satisfaite, peut ralentir voire empêcher la cicatrisation de la plaie, devenant ainsi des plaies chroniques. Cette étude vise à effectuer une revue systématique et une méta-analyse de l'effet de la supplémentation en arginine et en glutamine sur la cicatrisation des plaies. Les directives PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) ont été suivies pour la revue systématique et dix bases de données électroniques ont été utilisées. Cinq et 39 études humaines répondaient aux critères d'inclusion pour l'arginine et la glutamine, respectivement.

La méta-analyse globale a démontré un effet significatif de la supplémentation en arginine sur la teneur en hydroxyproline (DM : 4,49, IC à 95 % : 3,54, 4,45, p < 0,00001). Concernant la supplémentation en glutamine, il y avait un effet significatif sur les niveaux de bilan azoté (DM : 0,39, IC à 95 % : 0,21, 0,58, p < 0,0001), les niveaux d'IL-6 (DM : -5,78, IC à 95 % : -8,71, -2,86, p = 0,0001), taux de TNFα (DM : -8,15, IC à 95 % : -9,34, -6,96, p < 0,00001), rapport lactulose/mannitol (L/M) (DM : -0,01, IC à 95 % : -0,02, -0,01, p < 0,00001), mortalité des patients (OR : 0,48, IC à 95 % : 0,32, 0,72, p = 0,0004), taux de protéine C-réactive (CRP) (DM : -1,10, IC à 95 % : -1,26, - 0,93, p < 0,00001) et la durée du séjour à l'hôpital (DS) (DM : -2,65, IC à 95 % : -3,10, -2,21, p < 0,00001). Concernant les lymphocytes T, une légère diminution a été observée, bien qu'elle n'ait pas atteint la signification (DM : -0,16, IC à 95 % : -0,33, 0,01, p = 0,07).

Conclusion : La cicatrisation des plaies pourrait être améliorée en un ou à plusieurs stades par une supplémentation nutritionnelle à la bonne dose.

[Nutrimuscle-Conseils]

Mechanisms of eccentric contraction-induced muscle damage and nutritional supplementations for mitigating it
Keita KANZAKI, Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility volume 43, pages147–156 (2022)

Eccentric contraction (ECC) often results in large and long-lasting force deficits accompanied by muscle soreness, primarily due to muscle damage. In this sense, exercises that involve ECC are less desirable. Paradoxically, exercise training that includes a substantial eccentric phase leads to a more powerful activation of the genes responsible for skeletal muscle remodeling (e.g., hypertrophy) than other types of training that emphasize a concentric or isometric phase.

Therefore, effective strategies that lessen ECC-induced muscle damage will be of interest and importance to many individuals. The purpose of this brief review is to highlight the published literature on the effects of ECC and/or nutritional supplementations on proteins, lipids, metabolic and ionic changes, and enzyme activities in skeletal muscles subjected to an acute bout of ECC. First, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which ECC causes muscle damage. Previous findings implicate a Ca2+ overload-oxidative modification pathway as one possible mechanism contributing to muscle damage. Thereafter, the efficacy of two nutritional supplementations, i.e., L-arginine and antioxidant, is discussed because L-arginine and antioxidant would be expected to ameliorate the adverse effects of Ca2+ overload and oxidative modification, respectively. Of these, L-arginine ingestion before ECC seems likely to be the effective strategy for mitigating ECC-related proteolysis. More studies are needed to establish the effectiveness of antioxidant ingestion. The application of effective strategies against muscle damage may contribute to improvements in health and fitness, muscle function, and sports performance.

[Nutrimuscle-Conseils]

l‐arginine ingestion inhibits eccentric contraction‐induced proteolysis and force deficit via S‐nitrosylation of calpain
Keita Kanzaki, Physiol Rep. 2018 Jan; 6(2): e13582.

It has been shown that calpains are involved in the proteolysis of muscle proteins that occurs with eccentric contraction (ECC) and that exogenously applied nitric oxide decreases the calpain‐mediated proteolysis. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ingestion of l‐arginine (ARG), a nitric oxide precursor, on ECC‐related calpain activation. In the first and second experiments, male Wistar rats were given ARG in water for 7 days starting from 3 days before the ECC protocol (average ingestion, ~600 mg kg‐body wt−1 day−1). Tibialis anterior muscles underwent 200 repeated ECCs and, subsequently, were excised 3 days later. Whole muscle analyses (the first experiment) revealed that ARG attenuated ECC‐induced force deficit and autolysis of calpain‐1, and increased the amounts of S‐nitrosylated calpain‐1. Regarding ryanodine receptor (RyR) and dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR), ECC‐induced proteolysis was completely inhibited by ARG, whereas the inhibition was partial for junctophilin‐1 (JP1). Skinned fiber analyses (the second experiment) showed that ARG also inhibited ECC‐elicited reductions in the ratio of depolarization‐induced to maximum Ca2+‐activated force. In the third experiment, homogenates of rested muscles were treated with S‐nitrosylating agent, S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and/or high Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]). Treatment with high [Ca2+] and without GSNO produced proteolysis of RyR, DHPR, and JP1. On the other hand, treatment with high [Ca2+] and GSNO caused complete inhibition of RyR and DHPR proteolysis and partial inhibition of JP1 proteolysis.

These results indicate that ARG ingestion can attenuate ECC‐induced proteolysis of Ca2+ regulatory proteins and force deficit by decreasing calpain activation via S‐nitrosylation.

[Nutrimuscle-Conseils]

L-arginine supplementation protects exercise performance and structural integrity of muscle fibers after a single bout of eccentric exercise in rats
Yulia N Lomonosova PLoS One. 2014 Apr 15;9(4):e94448.

Eccentric exercise is known to disrupt sarcolemmal integrity and induce damage of skeletal muscle fibers. We hypothesized that L-arginine (L-Arg; nitric oxide synthase (NOS) substrate) supplementation prior to a single bout of eccentric exercise would diminish exercise-induced damage. In addition, we used N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME; NOS inhibitor) to clarify the role of native NOS activity in the development of exercise-induced muscle damage. Rats were divided into four groups: non-treated control (C), downhill running with (RA) or without (R) L-Arg supplementation and downhill running with L-NAME supplementation (RN). Twenty four hours following eccentric exercise seven rats in each group were sacrificed and soleus muscles were dissected and frozen for further analysis. The remaining seven rats in each group were subjected to the exercise performance test. Our experiments showed that L-Arg supplementation prior to a single bout of eccentric exercise improved subsequent exercise performance capacity tests in RA rats when compared with R, RN and C rats by 37%, 27% and 13%, respectively. This outcome is mediated by L-Arg protection against post-exercise damage of sarcolemma (2.26- and 0.87-fold less than R and RN groups, respectively), reduced numbers of damaged muscle fibers indicated by the reduced loss of desmin content in the muscle (15% and 25% less than R and RN groups, respectively), and diminished µ-calpain mRNA up-regulation (42% and 30% less than R and RN groups, respectively).

In conclusion, our study indicates that L-Arg supplementation prior to a single bout of eccentric exercise alleviates muscle fiber damage and preserves exercise performance capacity.

[Nutrimuscle-Diététique]

Traduction de l'étude

La supplémentation en L-arginine protège les performances physiques et l'intégrité structurelle des fibres musculaires après un seul exercice excentrique chez le rat
Yulia N Lomonosova PLoS One. 15 avril 2014;9(4):e94448.

L'exercice excentrique est connu pour perturber l'intégrité du sarcolemme et induire des dommages aux fibres musculaires squelettiques. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que la supplémentation en L-arginine (L-Arg; substrat de l'oxyde nitrique synthase (NOS)) avant un seul exercice excentrique diminuerait les dommages induits par l'exercice. De plus, nous avons utilisé le chlorhydrate d'ester méthylique de N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAME; inhibiteur de NOS) pour clarifier le rôle de l'activité NOS native dans le développement des lésions musculaires induites par l'exercice. Les rats ont été divisés en quatre groupes : contrôle non traité (C), course en descente avec (RA) ou sans (R) supplémentation en L-Arg et course en descente avec supplémentation en L-NAME (RN). Vingt-quatre heures après l'exercice excentrique, sept rats de chaque groupe ont été sacrifiés et les muscles soléaires ont été disséqués et congelés pour une analyse plus approfondie. Les sept rats restants de chaque groupe ont été soumis au test de performance physique. Nos expériences ont montré que la supplémentation en L-Arg avant une seule séance d'exercice excentrique améliorait les tests de capacité de performance à l'exercice ultérieurs chez les rats RA par rapport aux rats R, RN et C de 37 %, 27 % et 13 %, respectivement. Ce résultat est médié par la protection L-Arg contre les dommages post-exercice du sarcolemme (2,26 et 0,87 fois moins que les groupes R et RN, respectivement), un nombre réduit de fibres musculaires endommagées indiqué par la perte réduite de teneur en desmine dans le muscle (15 % et 25 % de moins que les groupes R et RN, respectivement) et une diminution de la régulation à la hausse de l'ARNm de la µ-calpaïne (42 % et 30 % de moins que les groupes R et RN, respectivement).

En conclusion, notre étude indique que la supplémentation en L-Arg avant une seule séance d'exercice excentrique atténue les dommages aux fibres musculaires et préserve la capacité de performance physique.