A bone to pick with vitamin D deficiency and erectile dysfunction
Levi Charles Holland International Journal of Impotence Research volume 32, pages248–250(2020)
Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among men and women of all ages throughout the world. Vitamin D’s role in health extends well beyond its effects on calcium homeostasis, as deficiency has been associated with cancer, infections, neurodegenerative conditions, inflammatory states, disorders of glucose regulation, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as stroke, myocardial infarction, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension [1, 2]. Recently, investigators have suggested CVD could link vitamin D deficiency to erectile dysfunction (ED) [3]. Indeed, Krysiak et al. reported on the relationship in “The effect of low vitamin D status on sexual functioning and depressive symptoms in apparently healthy men: a pilot study.”[4]
Vitamin D’s effects on the cardiovascular system were believed to be mediated primarily through the renin-angiotensin system. Recently, however, vitamin D has been shown to induce endothelial cell expression of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, resulting in increased production of the vasodilator, NO [5]. Likewise, absence of the vitamin D receptor impairs vascular relaxation and increases vascular stiffness [5]. Given the fundamental role of NO-induced vasodilation in erectile function, these data create a plausible physiologic mechanism linking vitamin D deficiency to ED.
Consistent with this, epidemiologic studies have suggested an association between vitamin D deficiency and ED. For example, ED is more prevalent among men with low (≤30 ng/ml) compared to normal vitamin D status, even after controlling for other atherosclerotic risk factors [6]. Other studies have identified associations between vitamin D deficiency and other sexual functions. These studies, however, largely examined cohorts of men with significant comorbidities and medication use known to impact erectile function. Thus, Krysiak et al. set forth to determine whether low vitamin D levels are associated with ED in men without these confounders [4].
To do this, they assessed sexual function and depressive symptoms in healthy, sexually active men aged 18–40 years and stratified them by vitamin D level [4]. Men with gross endocrine, reproductive, cardiovascular, and/or neuropsychiatric disorders were excluded. Additionally, subjects taking medications known to affect erectile function (e.g., antidepressants, diuretics, and beta blockers) were also excluded. The remaining subjects were divided into three groups based on plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D level: deficient (<20 ng/ml), insufficient (20–30 ng/ml), or normal (>30 ng/ml). Age, BMI, blood pressure, smoking status, education, occupation, and stress exposure were similar between groups.
The study found vitamin D levels were positively associated with International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) score. The mean IIEF erectile function domain (IIEF-EF) score was significantly higher in the normal (29.2 ± 1.3) compared to the low vitamin D groups (25.2 ± 2.6 and 27.8 ± 1.9 in the deficient and insufficient groups (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively)). Notably, a difference of 2 points in IIEF-EF score is clinically meaningful [7]. The prevalence of ED (defined as IIEF-EF score < 26) was 6% among men with normal vitamin D levels compared to 25 and 40% among those in the insufficient and deficient groups, respectively (p value not reported). Orgasmic function and sexual desire domains were lower in the vitamin D-deficient group compared to the normal group. The authors concluded these findings indicate worsening sexual dysfunction as vitamin D levels decline.
Krysiak et al. should be commended for designing—and appropriately powering—their study to answer the question of whether vitamin D deficiency is associated with ED in otherwise healthy men. Based on their findings, they advocated measuring vitamin D levels in men with unexplained sexual dysfunction. Although their findings are consistent with previous studies and there is a plausible mechanism linking vitamin D deficiency to ED, their results should be interpreted with caution. As is frequently noted, association does not equal causation. Given the myriad of diseases associated with low vitamin D levels, the nature of the association between vitamin D and ED remains unclear.
For example, depression is known to be associated with both vitamin D deficiency and ED [8, 9]. Krysiak et al. assessed depressive symptoms among the groups and found an increased prevalence of mild symptoms in the deficient compared to the normal group (27% vs 6%, respectively, p < 0.01). Thus, this could give rise to three different causation scenarios: direct, indirect, and none. It is possible that low vitamin D levels directly cause ED. Alternatively, low vitamin D could indirectly cause ED by causing depression, which could then cause ED. Finally, it is possible that some factor is causing both low vitamin D levels and ED and there is no true association between the two. An example of the latter would be physical exercise. While decreased activity—particularly outdoor activity—is associated with low vitamin D levels, it could also independently lead to ED. While there were no significant differences in physical activity between the groups, it remains unclear whether there was sufficient power to detect a difference and the amount of sun exposure was not assessed.
Another potential confounder to the association is testosterone. Some studies have associated vitamin D deficiency with reduced plasma testosterone levels [10]. Testosterone is necessary for and has a multifactorial impact on erectile function [11]. Although all men in the study were eugonadal, the wide range of “normal” testosterone levels could still permit significant differences between the groups. Testosterone levels affect libido. Thus, this may be especially relevant as the IIEF desire domain scores were significantly lower in the deficient group [4].
Given the persistent question of how (and if) vitamin D may cause ED, routine screening and treatment should not be advocated in these men—yet. This is particularly true given recent findings that vitamin D supplementation does not prevent CVD or cancer [12]. Additionally, the effect of supplementation on testosterone levels remains equivocal [13, 14]. Indeed, a systematic review has found little benefit to vitamin D supplementation in most non-skeletal disorders [2]. While some smaller studies have reported improved erectile function with vitamin D supplementation, further studies are needed to explore the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and ED before routine testing and/or supplementation can be advocated [14, 15].
Nonetheless, multiple studies have now associated vitamin D deficiency with diminished sexual function. Krysiak et al.’s report adds to this body of literature by demonstrating that this association may not be limited to men with comorbid conditions but may also be found among healthy men. Future prospective clinical trials and basic science studies are needed to clarify the precise role of vitamin D in male sexual function. In this regard, we look forward to the results of Krysiak et al.’s planned study to see whether vitamin D supplementation can improve erectile function in healthy men.