Free-Weight and Machine-Based Training Are Equally Effective on Strength and Hypertrophy: Challenging a Traditional Myth
Hernández-Belmonte Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise August 2, 2023.
Purpose
To compare the effects of free-weight and machine-based resistance training on strength, hypertrophy, and joint discomfort.
Methods
Thirty-eight resistance-trained men participated in an 8-week resistance program allocated into free-weight (n = 19) or machine-based (n = 19) groups. Training variables were identical for both modalities, so they only differed in the use of barbells or machines to execute the full squat, bench press, prone bench pull, and shoulder press exercises. The velocity-based method was implemented to accurately adjust the intensity throughout the program. Strength changes were evaluated using 8 velocity-monitored loading tests (4 exercises x 2 modalities) and included the relative one-repetition maximum (1RMRel), as well as the mean propulsive velocity against low (MPVLow) and high (MPVHigh) loads. Ultrasound-derived cross-sectional area (CSA) of quadriceps (proximal and distal regions), pectoralis major, and rectus abdominis was measured to examine hypertrophy. Complementarily, WOMAC and DASH questionnaires were administrated to assess changes in lower- and upper-limb joint discomfort. Outcomes were compared using ANCOVA and percentage of change (∆) statistics.
Results
Each group significantly (p < 0.001) increased 1RMRel, MPVLow, and MPVHigh for both modalities tested, but especially in the one they trained. When considering together the 8 exercises tested, strength changes for both modalities were similar (∆ differences ≤1.8%, p ≥ 0.216). Likewise, the CSA of all the muscles evaluated was significantly increased by both modalities, with no significant differences between them (∆ difference ≤ 2.0%, p ≥ 0.208). No between-group differences (p ≥ 0.144) were found for changes in stiffness, pain, and functional disability levels, which were reduced by both modalities.
Conclusions
Free-weight and machine-based modalities are similarly effective to promote strength and hypertrophy without increasing joint discomfort.