Chondroprotective and anti-oxidant activity of spermidine in human chondrocytes
Y. Silvestri Osteoarthritis and Cartilage VOLUME 26, SUPPLEMENT 1, S343, APRIL 01, 2018
Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and one of the most significant causes of disability in the world. OA mainly affects the major joints such as knee and hip, impairing the structural integrity of articular cartilage. At present, there are unsatisfactory drug treatments since current available pharmacologic therapies are not able to prevent or arrest the development of OA. In this scenario, an alternative and safe opportunity may be represented by nutraceuticals and natural occurring compounds. Among these, spermidine (SPD), an ubiquitous natural polyamine involved in a wide range of cellular processes, is widely recognized to induce autophagy and to reduce the oxidative stress in several cellular models. The object of this study has been to investigate the role of SPD in the context of OA cartilage, evaluating its ability to protect cultured articular chondrocytes against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress by modulating the autophagic process.
Methods: Chondrocytes, obtained from OA patients undergoing knee arthroplasty, were isolated by sequential enzymatic digestion, expanded in vitro and then seeded at high-density. After 24 h starvation, we treated the cells with SPD (100 Nutrimuscle, 24 h) and oxidative stress was induced through incubation with H2O2 (500 μM, 24 h). The extent of cell death was analysed by Flow Cytometry detection of Sytox Green staining, a probe that is instead excluded by viable cells. SPD cytoprotection from oxidative stress was measured by flow cytometric analysis of reduction of γH2AX foci, markers of double strand breaks. Induction of autophagy was also evaluated with Flow Cytometry, evaluating the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 II (LC3II), a recognized autophagosomal marker. The role of autophagy in SPD cytoprotection was analysed in another series of experiments performed after the silencing of the autophagic gene ATG5, where cell viability was estimated through the trypan blue exclusion test. Finally, the cells were seeded in chamber slides to evaluate mitophagy (selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy) by immunofluorescent co-localization of LC3II and TOM20, a mitochondrial outer membrane marker. The extent of SPD modulation of the H2O2-dependent induction of inflammatory and degradative markers was evaluated by Real Time PCR.
Results: SPD pre-treatment was able to reduce the percentage of dead cells after H2O2 exposure. SPD pre-treatment was also able to reduce the induction of OA-related markers promoted by H2O2: specifically, we found a significant reduction in mRNA expression of several OA markers, such as MMP13, VEGF, RUNX2 and iNOS. The protection afforded by SPD was also confirmed by a significant reduction of the extent of the γH2AX-associated foci after exposure to H2O2. Furthermore, we detected an increased LC3II signal in cells pre-treated with SPD compared to non-treated controls, indicating SPD ability to induce autophagy in our cellular model. These findings prompted us to further investigating the link between SPD and autophagy by silencing ATG5. Our preliminary data suggested that an efficient autophagy is crucial for the protection afforded by SPD against oxidative stress since SPD cytoprotection was almost lost when ATG5 had been previously silenced. Finally, the results of fluorescence microscopy analysis of the co-localization of mitochondrial and autophagy markers indicate the occurrence of mitophagy in our cellular model, strongly increased by SPD.
Conclusions: Our findings highlight the chondroprotective and anti-oxidant activity of SPD and suggest that an efficient autophagy is necessary for the protection afforded by SPD against oxidative stress. Considering the importance of non-invasive strategies in the treatment of OA, we propose SPD as a promising candidate for a non-pharmacologic treatment of OA.