Metabolism of Dietary Glutamate in Adults
Cynober L Ann Nutr Metab 2018;73(suppl 5):5–14
Background: Glutamate is a non-essential amino acid at the crossroads of nitrogen and energy metabolism. Glutamate metabolism is characterized by reactions that may be anabolic or catabolic in nature depending on the tissue (i.e., glutamate dehydrogenase, transaminases), and it can also be either the precursor or the metabolite of glutamine. Unlike glutamine, which is the form of interorgan ammonia transport, glutamate metabolism is mostly compartmentalized within the cells, its interorgan exchanges being limited to a flux from liver to muscle.
Summary: Glutamate catabolism is extremely intense in the splanchnic area, such that after a meal (rich in proteins) almost no glutamate appears in the systemic circulation. However, this process is saturable as after glutamate loading at a high dose level, glutamate appears dose-dependently in the circulation. This systemic glutamate appearance is blunted if glutamate is co-ingested with a carbohydrate source.
Key Messages: The underlying reason for this highly specific metabolism is that glutamate plays a key role in nitrogen homeostasis, and the organism does all it can to limit the bioavailability of glutamate, which can be neurotoxic in excess. As glutamate is never eaten alone, its bioavailability will be limited if not negligible, and no adverse effects are to be expected in adult humans.
Introduction
L-Glutamic acid (hereafter referred to as glutamate) was discovered by H. Ritthausen in 1866 (in [1]). On average, 100 g of protein supplies 4–12 g of glutamate [2]. There is slightly more glutamate in plant than in animal proteins, the richest being gliadin (45.7 g of glutamate/100 g of protein) and α-casein (16.5 g of glutamate/100 g of protein), respectively [1].
Glutamate added to a diet is generally in the form of monosodium glutamate (MSG). However, as MSG and all other glutamate salts (additives designated E620–E625) dissociate in aqueous solution and so behave exactly as free glutamate [2], the latter term will be used. However, to avoid confusion about administered dose in dietary interventions, the form of the glutamate (i.e., free or MSG) will be indicated. Glutamate provides a negative charge, which is important to stabilize the protein structure [3] and leads to several functional entities (see below for details). With its large number of very active metabolic pathways (see below for details), glutamate is a typical non-essential amino acid (AA). The present article will focus on dietary glutamate metabolism in adults: the fate of glutamate in neonates and infants is the subject of another paper in this issue of the Journal.