La malbouffe réduit l'espérance de vie

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Higher Global Diet Quality Score Is Associated with Less 4-Year Weight Gain in US Women
Teresa T Fung Journal of Nutrition 23 October 2021

Background
We have developed a simple and globally applicable tool, the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS), to measure diet quality.

Objectives
To test the utility of the GDQS, we examined the associations of the GDQS with weight change and risk of obesity in US women.

Methods
Health, lifestyle, and diet information were collected from women (n = 68,336) in the Nurses’ Health Study II (aged 27–44 y in 1991) through repeated questionnaires (1991–2015). The GDQS has 25 food groups (maximum = 49 points) and scoring higher points reflects a healthier diet. The association between GDQS change in 4-y intervals and concurrent weight change was computed with linear models adjusted for confounders.

Results
Mean ± SD weight gain across 4-y periods was 1.68 ± 6.26 kg. A >5-point improvement in GDQS was associated with −1.13 kg (95% CI: −1.19, −0.77 kg) weight gain compared with a score change of <±2 points. For each 5-point increase, weight gain was 0.83 kg less for age <50 y compared with 0.71 kg less for age ≥50 y (P-interaction < 0.05). A >5-point score decrease was associated with 1.13 kg (95% CI: 1.04, 1.22 kg) more weight gain in women aged <50 y and 0.81 kg more (95% CI: 0.63, 0.98 kg) in women aged ≥50 y. Compared with little change in score, obesity RR was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.81) for a >5-point increase and 1.32 (95% CI: 1.26, 1.37) for a >5-point decrease. Risk of obesity did not differ by age. Compared with other diet quality scores, the Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 had somewhat stronger associations than the GDQS (P < 0.05) but the GDQS had stronger associations than the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women score (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
Improvement of diet quality as measured by the GDQS was associated with less weight gain and risk of obesity in US women. The association was stronger for women aged <50 y. Associations similar in direction and magnitude were observed between the GDQS and obesity across age groups.

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Higher Global Diet Quality Score Is Inversely Associated with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in US Women
Teresa T Fung Journal of Nutrition 23 October 2021

Background
We have developed a diet quality metric intended for global use. To assess its utility in high-income settings, an evaluation of its ability to predict chronic disease is needed.

Objectives
We aimed to prospectively examine the ability of the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) to predict the risk of type 2 diabetes in the United States, examine potential differences of association by age, and compare the GDQS with other diet quality scores.

Methods
Health, lifestyle, and diet information was collected from women (n = 88,520) in the Nurses’ Health Study II aged 27–44 y at baseline through repeated questionnaires between 1991 and 2017. The overall GDQS consists of 25 food groups. Points are awarded for higher intake of healthy groups and lower intake of unhealthy groups (maximum of 49 points). Multivariable HRs were computed for confirmed type 2 diabetes using proportional hazards models. We also compared the GDQS with the Minimum Diet Diversity score for Women (MDD-W) and the Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010).

Results
We ascertained 6305 incident cases of type 2 diabetes during follow-up. We observed a lower risk of diabetes with higher GDQS; the multivariable HR comparing extreme quintiles of the GDQS was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.91; P-trend < 0.001). The magnitude of association was similar between women aged <50 y and those aged ≥50 y. An inverse association was observed with lower intake of unhealthy components (HR comparing extreme quintiles of the unhealthy submetric: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.84; P-trend < 0.001) but was not with the healthy submetric. The inverse association for each 1-SD increase in the GDQS (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.96) was stronger (P < 0.001) than for the MDD-W (HR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.04) but was slightly weaker (P = 0.03) than for the AHEI-2010 (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.94).

Conclusions
A higher GDQS was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes risk in US women of reproductive age or older, mainly from lower intake of unhealthy foods. The GDQS performed nearly as well as the AHEI-2010.

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Traduction de l'étude

Un score global de qualité de l'alimentation plus élevé est inversement associé au risque de diabète de type 2 chez les femmes américaines
Teresa T Fung Journal de la nutrition 23 octobre 2021

Fond
Nous avons développé une mesure de la qualité de l'alimentation destinée à une utilisation mondiale. Pour évaluer son utilité dans les milieux à revenu élevé, une évaluation de sa capacité à prédire les maladies chroniques est nécessaire.

Objectifs
Notre objectif était d'examiner de manière prospective la capacité du Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) à prédire le risque de diabète de type 2 aux États-Unis, d'examiner les différences potentielles d'association selon l'âge et de comparer le GDQS avec d'autres scores de qualité de l'alimentation.

Méthodes
Des informations sur la santé, le mode de vie et l'alimentation ont été recueillies auprès de femmes (n = 88 520) dans le cadre de la Nurses' Health Study II, âgées de 27 à 44 ans au départ, au moyen de questionnaires répétés entre 1991 et 2017. Le GDQS global comprend 25 groupes d'aliments. Des points sont attribués pour un apport plus élevé de groupes sains et un apport inférieur de groupes malsains (maximum de 49 points). Des RR multivariables ont été calculés pour le diabète de type 2 confirmé à l'aide de modèles à risques proportionnels. Nous avons également comparé le GDQS avec le score Minimum Diet Diversity for Women (MDD-W) et l'Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010).

Résultats
Nous avons recensé 6305 cas incidents de diabète de type 2 au cours du suivi. Nous avons observé un risque plus faible de diabète avec un GDQS plus élevé ; le RR multivariable comparant les quintiles extrêmes du GDQS était de 0,83 (IC à 95 % : 0,76 ; 0,91 ; P-tendance < 0,001). L'ampleur de l'association était similaire entre les femmes de moins de 50 ans et celles de 50 ans et plus. Une association inverse a été observée avec un apport plus faible de composants malsains (RR comparant les quintiles extrêmes de la sous-métrique malsaine : 0,76 ; IC à 95 % : 0,69 ; 0,84 ; tendance P < 0,001) mais n'était pas avec la sous-métrique saine. L'association inverse pour chaque augmentation 1-SD du GDQS (HR : 0,93 ; IC à 95 % : 0,91, 0,96) était plus forte (P < 0,001) que pour le MDD-W (HR : 1,00 ; IC à 95 % : 0,94, 1,04 ) mais était légèrement plus faible (P = 0,03) que pour l'AHEI-2010 (HR : 0,91 ; IC à 95 % : 0,88, 0,94).

Conclusion
Un GDQS plus élevé était inversement associé au risque de diabète de type 2 chez les femmes américaines en âge de procréer ou plus, principalement à cause d'une consommation plus faible d'aliments malsains. Le GDQS a fait presque aussi bien que l'AHEI-2010.

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Consuming oxidative frying oil impairs cardiac energy production and calcium recycling, causing cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in male Sprague Dawley rats
Yu-Shun Lin The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry Volume 98, December 2021, 108816

With regards to cardiovascular health, frequent consumption of fried foods is discouraged, despite a lack of clear evidence of a direct link between eating oxidative frying oil (OFO) and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to diets containing fresh or fried soybean oil (groups C and O, respectively) from in utero to 28 weeks of age. A subset of rats in group O was supplemented with vitamin E (500 mg/kg of DL-α-tocopherol acetate; group OE) from 8 week of age onward to mitigate oxidative stress associated with OFO ingestion. Echocardiography, cardiac histology and indices associated with ATP production and calcium cycling in cardiac tissues were measured. Compared to group C, there was cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction, in groups O and OE, with no differences between the latter two groups. Although cardiac mRNA levels of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and function were increased, there were lower ATP concentrations and higher transcripts of uncoupling proteins in groups O and OE than in group C. In addition, decreases in phosphorylation of phospholamban and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity, plus increased protein phosphatase 2A activity in groups O and OE, implied calcium cycling required for cardiac function was disrupted by OFO consumption.

We concluded that long-term OFO exposure resulted in cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction that was not mitigated by vitamin E supplementation. Underlying mechanisms were partly attributed to inefficient energy production via uncoupled phosphorylation and disrupted calcium cycling.

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Traduction de l'étude

La consommation d'huile de friture oxydante altère la production d'énergie cardiaque et le recyclage du calcium, provoquant une hypertrophie cardiaque, une fibrose et un dysfonctionnement diastolique chez les rats mâles Sprague Dawley
Yu-Shun Lin The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry Volume 98, décembre 2021, 108816

En ce qui concerne la santé cardiovasculaire, la consommation fréquente d'aliments frits est déconseillée, malgré l'absence de preuves claires d'un lien direct entre la consommation d'huile de friture oxydante (OFO) et les maladies cardiovasculaires. Dans cette étude, des rats mâles Sprague Dawley ont été exposés à des régimes alimentaires contenant de l'huile de soja fraîche ou frite (groupes C et O, respectivement) de l'âge in utero à 28 semaines. Un sous-ensemble de rats du groupe O a été supplémenté en vitamine E (500 mg/kg d'acétate de DL-α-tocophérol ; groupe OE) à partir de l'âge de 8 semaines pour atténuer le stress oxydatif associé à l'ingestion d'OFO. L'échocardiographie, l'histologie cardiaque et les indices associés à la production d'ATP et au cycle du calcium dans les tissus cardiaques ont été mesurés. Par rapport au groupe C, il y avait une hypertrophie cardiaque, une fibrose et un dysfonctionnement diastolique, dans les groupes O et OE, sans différence entre les deux derniers groupes. Bien que les niveaux d'ARNm cardiaque des gènes associés à la biogenèse et à la fonction mitochondriale aient augmenté, il y avait des concentrations d'ATP plus faibles et des transcrits de protéines de découplage plus élevés dans les groupes O et OE que dans le groupe C. De plus, des diminutions de la phosphorylation du phospholamban et du Ca2+/calmoduline-dépendant L'activité de la protéine kinase II, ainsi que l'augmentation de l'activité de la protéine phosphatase 2A dans les groupes O et OE, impliquaient que le cycle du calcium requis pour la fonction cardiaque était perturbé par la consommation d'OFO.

Nous avons conclu que l'exposition à long terme à l'OFO entraînait une hypertrophie cardiaque, une fibrose et un dysfonctionnement diastolique qui n'étaient pas atténués par la supplémentation en vitamine E. Les mécanismes sous-jacents ont été en partie attribués à une production d'énergie inefficace via une phosphorylation non couplée et un cycle de calcium perturbé

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Sugar-sweetened beverage intake in adulthood and adolescence and risk of early-onset colorectal cancer among women
Jinhee Hur BMJ GUT 2021

Objective Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption had substantially increased across successive US birth cohorts until 2000, and adolescents and young adults under age 50 years have the highest consumption. However, the link between SSBs and early-onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC) remains unexamined.

Design In the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991–2015), we prospectively investigated the association of SSB intake in adulthood and adolescence with EO-CRC risk among 95 464 women who had reported adulthood beverage intake using validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) every 4 years. A subset of 41 272 participants reported beverage intake at age 13–18 years using a validated high school-FFQ in 1998. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs.

Results We documented 109 EO-CRC cases. Compared with individuals who consumed <1 serving/week of SSBs in adulthood, women who consumed ≥2 servings/day had a more than doubled risk of EO-CRC (RR 2.18; 95% CI 1.10 to 4.35; ptrend=0.02), with a 16% higher risk (RR 1.16; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.36) per serving/day increase. Each serving/day increment of SSB intake at age 13–18 years was associated with a 32% higher risk of EO-CRC (RR 1.32; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.75). Replacing each serving/day of adulthood SSB intake with that of artificially sweetened beverages, coffee, reduced fat milk or total milk was associated with a 17%–36% lower risk of EO-CRC.

Conclusion Higher SSB intake in adulthood and adolescence was associated with a higher risk of EO-CRC among women. Reduction of SSB consumption among adolescents and young adults may serve as a potential strategy to alleviate the growing burden of EO-CRC.

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Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and mortality: Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study
Hsi-Lan Huang, European Journal of Nutrition volume 60, pages4607–4620 (2021)

Purpose
Long-term associations of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with mortality outcomes remain unclear.

Methods
The present analysis included 72,783 participants of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Participants who responded to the 5-year follow-up questionnaire in 1995–1999 were followed-up until December 2015. We estimated the risk of total and cause-specific mortality associated with GI and GL using Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results
During 1,244,553 person years of follow-up, 7535 men and 4913 women died. GI was positively associated with all-cause mortality. As compared with the lowest quartile, the multivariable HR for those who had the highest quartile of GI was 1.14 (95% CI 1.08–1.20). The HRs for death comparing the highest with the lowest quartile were 1.28 (95% CI 1.14–1.42) for circulatory system diseases, 1.33 (95% CI 1.14–1.55) for heart disease, 1.32 (95% CI 1.11–1.57) for cerebrovascular disease, and 1.45 (95% CI 1.18–1.78) for respiratory diseases. GI was not associated with mortality risks of cancer and digestive diseases. GL showed a null association with all-cause mortality (highest vs lowest quartile; HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.96–1.12). However, among those who had the highest quartile of GL, the HRs for death from circulatory system diseases was 1.24 (95% CI 1.05–1.46), cerebrovascular disease was 1.34 (95% CI 1.03–1.74), and respiratory diseases was 1.35 (95% CI 1.00–1.82), as compared with the lowest quartile.

Conclusion
In this large prospective cohort study, dietary GI and GL were associated with mortality risks.

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Types of carbohydrate intake and breast cancer survival
Maryam S. Farvid, European Journal of Nutrition volume 60, pages4565–4577 (2021)

Objective
To investigate the associations of different types of carbohydrate intake after breast cancer diagnosis with breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality.

Methods
We prospectively assessed post-diagnostic intake of total sugar, added sugar, and natural sugar as well as carbohydrate from different sources, among 8932 women with stage I–III breast cancer that were identified in the Nurses’ Health Study from 1980 to 2010 and Nurses’ Health Study II from 1991 to 2011. Participants completed a validated food frequency questionnaire every four years after diagnosis and were followed up for death.

Results
We prospectively documented 1071 deaths due to breast cancer and 2532 all-cause deaths, over a mean of 11.5 years of follow-up. After adjustment for confounding variables, greater post-diagnostic total sugar intake was suggestively associated with greater risk of breast cancer-specific mortality [hazard ratio (HR)Q5vsQ1 = 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI ) = 0.95–1.41; Ptrend = 0.02] and significantly associated with greater risk of all-cause mortality (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.08–1.41; Ptrend = 0.0001). Greater post-diagnostic added sugar intake was significantly associated with greater risk of all-cause mortality (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.06–1.36; Ptrend = 0.001). Post-diagnostic natural sugar (occurring in foods and not added as an ingredient) intake was not associated with mortality risk. Greater post-diagnostic fructose intake was significantly associated with greater risk of breast cancer-specific mortality (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.10–1.64; Ptrend = 0.005) and all-cause mortality (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02–1.32; Ptrend = 0.01). High post-diagnostic intake of sucrose was associated with higher risk of breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality. Increased post-diagnostic intake of carbohydrate from fruit juice was significantly associated with higher risk of breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality and carbohydrate from vegetables was significantly associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality. High post-diagnostic intake of carbohydrate from potatoes was suggestively associated with higher risk of breast cancer-specific mortality and carbohydrate from refined grains was suggestively associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality.

Conclusions
We found that higher total sugar intake, especially added sugar, sucrose, and fructose, as well as carbohydrate from fruit juice after a breast cancer diagnosis were associated with poorer prognosis. High post-diagnostic intake of carbohydrate from vegetables was associated with reduced risk of mortality.

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Traduction de l'étude

Types d'apport en glucides et survie au cancer du sein
Maryam S. Farvid, European Journal of Nutrition volume 60, pages 4565–4577 (2021)

Objectif
Étudier les associations entre différents types d'apport en glucides après un diagnostic de cancer du sein et la mortalité spécifique au cancer du sein et toutes causes confondues.

Méthodes
Nous avons évalué de manière prospective l'apport post-diagnostic de sucre total, de sucre ajouté et de sucre naturel ainsi que de glucides provenant de différentes sources, parmi 8 932 femmes atteintes d'un cancer du sein de stade I-III qui ont été identifiés dans l'étude sur la santé des infirmières de 1980 à 2010 et les infirmières ' Étude sur la santé II de 1991 à 2011. Les participants ont rempli un questionnaire validé sur la fréquence des aliments tous les quatre ans après le diagnostic et ont été suivis jusqu'au décès.

Résultats
Nous avons documenté prospectivement 1071 décès dus au cancer du sein et 2532 décès toutes causes confondues, sur une moyenne de 11,5 ans de suivi. Après ajustement pour les variables confusionnelles, une plus grande consommation de sucre total post-diagnostic était associée de manière suggestive à un risque plus élevé de mortalité spécifique au cancer du sein [hazard ratio (HR)Q5vsQ1 = 1,16, intervalle de confiance à 95 % (IC ) = 0,95–1,41 ; Ptrend = 0,02] et significativement associée à un risque accru de mortalité toutes causes confondues (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1,23, IC à 95 % = 1,08–1,41 ; Ptrend = 0,0001). Une plus grande consommation de sucre ajouté post-diagnostic était significativement associée à un plus grand risque de mortalité toutes causes confondues (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1,20, IC à 95 % = 1,06–1,36 ; Ptrend = 0,001). L'apport en sucre naturel post-diagnostic (présent dans les aliments et non ajouté en tant qu'ingrédient) n'était pas associé au risque de mortalité. Une plus grande consommation de fructose post-diagnostic était significativement associée à un plus grand risque de mortalité spécifique au cancer du sein (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1,34, IC à 95 % = 1,10–1,64 ; Ptrend = 0,005) et de mortalité toutes causes (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1,16, IC à 95 % = 1,02 –1,32 ; Ptendance = 0,01). Une consommation élevée de saccharose post-diagnostic était associée à un risque plus élevé de mortalité spécifique au cancer du sein et toutes causes confondues. L'augmentation post-diagnostic de l'apport en glucides à partir de jus de fruits était significativement associée à un risque plus élevé de mortalité spécifique au cancer du sein et toutes causes confondues, et les glucides à partir de légumes étaient significativement associés à un risque plus faible de mortalité toutes causes confondues. Un apport post-diagnostic élevé de glucides provenant de pommes de terre était associé de manière suggestive à un risque plus élevé de mortalité spécifique au cancer du sein et les glucides provenant de céréales raffinées étaient associés de manière suggestive à un risque plus élevé de mortalité toutes causes confondues.

Conclusion
Nous avons constaté qu'un apport total plus élevé de sucre, en particulier de sucre ajouté, de saccharose et de fructose, ainsi que les glucides du jus de fruits après un diagnostic de cancer du sein étaient associés à un pronostic plus sombre. Un apport post-diagnostic élevé de glucides provenant de légumes était associé à un risque réduit de mortalité.

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Sugary drink consumption and risk of kidney and bladder cancer in Japanese adults
Chi Yan Leung Scientific Reports volume 11, Article number: 21701 (2021)

Globally, sugary drinks are widely consumed, however, few epidemiologic studies have investigated the association between sugary drink consumption and risk of kidney and bladder cancer. We examined the association of sugary drinks with risk of kidney and bladder cancer in 73,024 participants from the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study who reported no history of cancer. Sugary drink consumption was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire at study baseline (1995–1999). Individuals were followed to December 31, 2013. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During 1,069,815 person years of follow-up, 169 kidney cancer and 297 bladder cancer cases were documented. After adjusting for potential confounders, no greater risk of kidney and bladder cancer was observed. However, sugary drink consumption was positively associated with the risk of kidney cancer (HR for 100 ml/day increase in consumption was 1.11 [95% CI 1.01–1.22]) and bladder cancer (HR for 100 ml/d increase in consumption was 1.11 [95% CI 1.01–1.22]) among women after exclusion of cases diagnosed in the first three years of follow-up.

In this large prospective cohort, consumption of sugary drinks was significantly associated with a small increase in hazard ratio for kidney and bladder cancer among women after exclusion of cases diagnosed within the first three years.

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Traduction de l'étude

Consommation de boissons sucrées et risque de cancer du rein et de la vessie chez les adultes japonais
Chi Yan Leung Rapports scientifiques volume 11, Numéro d'article : 21701 (2021)

À l'échelle mondiale, les boissons sucrées sont largement consommées, cependant, peu d'études épidémiologiques ont étudié l'association entre la consommation de boissons sucrées et le risque de cancer du rein et de la vessie. Nous avons examiné l'association des boissons sucrées avec le risque de cancer du rein et de la vessie chez 73 024 participants de l'étude prospective du Centre de santé publique du Japon qui n'ont signalé aucun antécédent de cancer. La consommation de boissons sucrées a été évaluée à l'aide d'un questionnaire validé sur la fréquence des aliments au début de l'étude (1995-1999). Les individus ont été suivis jusqu'au 31 décembre 2013. Des modèles de régression à risques proportionnels multivariés de Cox ont été utilisés pour calculer les rapports de risque (HR) et les intervalles de confiance (IC) à 95 %. Au cours de 1 069 815 années-personnes de suivi, 169 cas de cancer du rein et 297 cas de cancer de la vessie ont été documentés. Après ajustement pour les facteurs de confusion potentiels, aucun risque accru de cancer du rein et de la vessie n'a été observé. Cependant, la consommation de boissons sucrées était positivement associée au risque de cancer du rein (HR pour une augmentation de la consommation de 100 ml/jour était de 1,11 [IC à 95 % 1,01-1,22]) et du cancer de la vessie (HR pour l'augmentation de la consommation de 100 ml/jour était de 1,11 [IC à 95 % 1,01-1,22]) chez les femmes après exclusion des cas diagnostiqués au cours des trois premières années de suivi.

Dans cette vaste cohorte prospective, la consommation de boissons sucrées était significativement associée à une légère augmentation du risque relatif de cancer du rein et de la vessie chez les femmes après exclusion des cas diagnostiqués au cours des trois premières années.

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Eating and healthy ageing: a longitudinal study on the association between food consumption, memory loss and its comorbidities
Xiaoyue Xu, International Journal of Public Health volume 65, pages571–582 (2020)

Objectives
To explore the longitudinal association between food groups and memory loss and comorbid heart disease and diabetes (both Type 1 and 2) for people living in New South Wales, Australia.

Methods
We assessed 139,096 adults (aged 45 years and over) from the 45 and Up Study who completed both baseline (2006–2009) and follow-up (2012–2015) surveys. Mixed linear and generalized estimating equation models were used to examine the longitudinal associations.

Results
High consumption of fruit, vegetable and protein-rich food associated with lower odds of memory loss. High consumption of fruit and vegetables also associated with lower odds of comorbid heart disease (p ≤ 0.001). People who aged ≥ 80 years with low consumption of cereals had the highest odds of memory loss and comorbid heart disease than people in other age groups (p < 0.01).

Conclusions
The results highlighted the longitudinal association of fruit and vegetable in relation to memory loss and comorbid heart disease. Age effects on cereals consumption which have an influence on memory loss and comorbid heart disease.

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Ultra-processed diet, systemic oxidative stress, and breach of immunologic tolerance
Edwin E.Martínez Leo Nutrition Volumes 91–92, November–December 2021, 111419

Highlights
• Globally, the consumption of ultra-processed foods is increasing.
• An ultra-processed diet is associated with biochemical alterations such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and intestinal dysbiosis.
• The prooxidative and inflammatory environment could be a factor that affects the configuration of immune cells.
• A possible connection between diet, systemic oxidative stress, and the immune system could implicate a lower tolerance of the immune system and an increased risk of infections.

Abstract
In recent years, consumption of ultra-processed food around the world has been increasing. The nutritional profile of an ultra-processed diet is associated with the development of cellular alterations that lead to oxidative stress. The chronic prooxidative state leads to an environment that influences the proliferation, apoptosis, and signaling pathways of immune cells. Likewise, the decrease in the transcription factor NRF2, owing to exacerbated production of reactive oxygen species, leads to changes in immune function and response to infections.

This review aims to analyze the connection between an ultra-processed diet, systemic oxidative stress, and immune tolerance, as a contribution to the scientific evidence on the impact of oxidative stress on health and the possible risk of infections—an important consideration in the association of eating pattern and the immune response.

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Traduction de l'étude

Régime ultra-transformé, stress oxydatif systémique et rupture de tolérance immunologique
Edwin E.Martínez Leo Nutrition Volumes 91-92, novembre-décembre 2021, 111419

Points forts
• Globalement, la consommation d'aliments ultra-transformés est en augmentation.
• Une alimentation ultra-transformée est associée à des altérations biochimiques telles que le stress oxydatif, l'inflammation et la dysbiose intestinale.
• L'environnement prooxydant et inflammatoire pourrait être un facteur qui affecte la configuration des cellules immunitaires.
• Un lien possible entre l'alimentation, le stress oxydatif systémique et le système immunitaire pourrait impliquer une tolérance plus faible du système immunitaire et un risque accru d'infections.

Résumé
Ces dernières années, la consommation d'aliments ultra-transformés dans le monde a augmenté. Le profil nutritionnel d'un régime ultra-transformé est associé au développement d'altérations cellulaires qui conduisent au stress oxydatif. L'état prooxydant chronique conduit à un environnement qui influence la prolifération, l'apoptose et les voies de signalisation des cellules immunitaires. De même, la diminution du facteur de transcription NRF2, due à une production exacerbée d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène, entraîne des modifications de la fonction immunitaire et de la réponse aux infections.

Cette revue vise à analyser le lien entre un régime ultra-transformé, le stress oxydatif systémique et la tolérance immunitaire, en tant que contribution aux preuves scientifiques sur l'impact du stress oxydatif sur la santé et le risque possible d'infections - une considération importante dans l'association des habitudes alimentaires et de la réponse immunitaire.

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Level of Understanding and Consumption of Ultra-processed Food in a Mediterranean Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
Laura Pedro-Botet Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases Articles in Press E-mail Alert - November 23, 2021


Highlights
• Population may not be aware of UPF consumption.
• Responses were received from 1,037 participants, 954 (92.0%) frequent UPF consumers.
• Findings highlight high consumption and low degree of awareness of UPF.

Background and Aims
Since the population may not be aware of UPF consumption as a result of ignorance or non-recognition, this study aimed to ascertain the main characteristics of subjects regarding their knowledge of different easily-acquired foods through a questionnaire in Google Forms format with 52 questions. Secondary objectives were to determine whether the profile of UPF consumers can be defined based on sex, age, sociodemographic factors and lifestyle.
Methods and Results
Responses were received from 1,037 participants from a convenience sample; of these, 83 (8.0%) were sporadic or non-users and 954 (92.0%) frequent UPF consumers. The participants of the upper tertile correctly matched >12 food items, those of the medium tertile 12-9 and those of the lower tertile <9. Factors independently associated with participants who better identified UPF (upper tertile) compared to those of the lower tertile (reference) were female sex (OR: 2.54, 95%CI: 1.70-3.79; p<0.001), age between 21 and 50 (OR: 3.63, 95%CI: 2.56-5.15; p<0.001), living with family (OR: 0.64, 95%CI: 0.41-9.96; p=0.033) and eating more fruit (≥ 3 pieces/day, OR: 2.30, 95%CI: 1.61-3.27; p<0.001).
Conclusions
These findings highlight the high consumption and low degree of awareness of UPF among consumers based mainly on food composition.